Physical chemistry Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Required practicals Fundamental particles Mass number and isotopes Electron configuration Electron configuration Relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass The mole and the Avogadro constant The mole and the Avogadro constant The ideal gas equation Empirical and molecular formula Balanced equations and associated calculations Balanced equations and associated… Ionic bonding Nature of covalent and dative covalent bonds Metallic bonding Metallic bonding Bonding and physical properties Bonding and physical properties Shapes of simple molecules and ions Bond polarity Bond polarity Forces between molecules Forces between molecules Enthalpy change Enthalpy change Calorimetry Calorimetry Applications of Hess’s law Bond enthalpies Collision theory Collision theory Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution Effect of temperature on reaction rate Effect of concentration and pressure Catalysts Chemical equilibria and Le Chatelier's principle Equilibrium constant Kc for homogeneous systems Oxidation, reduction and redox equations Born–Haber cycles (A-level only) Gibbs free-energy change, ∆ G, and entropy change, ∆ S (A-level only) Rate equations (A-level only) Rate equations (A-level only) Determination of rate equation (A-level only) Equilibrium constant Kp for homogeneous systems (A-level only) Electrode potentials and cells (A-level only) Electrode potentials and cells (A… Commercial applications of electrochemical cells (A-level only) Brønsted–Lowry acid–base equilibria in aqueous solution (A-level only) Definition and determination of pH (A-level only) The ionic product of water, Kw (A-level only) Weak acids and bases Ka for weak acids (A-level only) pH curves, titrations and indicators (A-level only) Buffer action (A-level only) Classification Physical properties of Period 3 elements Group 2, the alkaline earth metals Trends in properties Uses of chlorine and chlorate(I) Uses of chlorine and chlorate(I) Properties of Period 3 elements and their oxides (A-level only) General properties of transition metals (A-level only) Substitution reactions (A-level only) Shapes of complex ions (A-level only) Formation of coloured ions (A-level only) Formation of coloured ions (A-lev… Variable oxidation states (A-level only) Variable oxidation states (A-leve… Catalysts (A-level only) Reactions of ions in aqueous solution (A-level only) Nomenclature Nomenclature Reaction mechanisms Reaction mechanisms Isomerism Fractional distillation of crude oil Modification of alkanes by cracking Combustion of alkanes Chlorination of alkanes Nucleophilic substitution Nucleophilic substitution Elimination Ozone depletion Structure, bonding and reactivity Structure, bonding and reactivity Addition reactions of alkenes Addition reactions of alkenes Addition polymers Alcohol production Oxidation of alcohols Oxidation of alcohols Elimination Identification of functional groups by test-tube reactions Mass spectrometry Infrared spectroscopy Optical isomerism (A-level only) Aldehydes and ketones (A-level only) Carboxylic acids and esters (A-level only) Acylation (A-level only) Bonding (A-level only) Electrophilic substitution (A-level only) Preparation (A-level only) Preparation (A-level only) Base properties (A-level only) Nucleophilic properties (A-level only) Condensation polymers (A-level only) Biodegradability and disposal of polymers (A-level only) Amino acids (A-level only) Amino acids (A-level only) Proteins (A-level only) Proteins (A-level only) Enzymes (A-level only) DNA (A-level only) Action of anticancer drugs (A-level only) Organic synthesis (A-level only) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (A-level only) Chromatography (A-level only) RP 1: Make up a volumetric solution and carry out a simple acid–base titration. RP 2: Measurement of an enthalpy change. RP 2: Measurement of an enthalpy … RP 3: Investigation of how the rate of a reaction changes with temperature. RP 4: Carry out simple test-tube reactions to identify: cations – Group 2, NH₄⁺; anions – Group 7 (halide ions), OH⁻, CO₃²⁻, SO₄²⁻. RP 5: Distillation of a product from a reaction. RP 6: Tests for alcohol, aldehyde, alkene and carboxylic acid. RP 7: Measuring the rate of reaction: by an initial rate method; by a continuous monitoring method. RP 8: Measuring the EMF of an electrochemical cell. RP 9: Investigate how pH changes when a weak acid reacts with a strong base and when a strong acid reacts with a weak base. RP 9: Investigate how pH changes … RP 10: Preparation of: a pure organic solid and test of its purity; a pure organic liquid. RP 11: Carry out simple test-tube reactions to identify transition metal ions in aqueous solution. RP 12: Separation of species by thin-layer chromatography. + − FIT
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